Objective To analyze the relationship between small mammal characteristics and environmental factors and parasitic fleas,as well as to identify the factors affecting the abundance and richness of parasitic fleas in wild small mammals in Jianchuan plague foci.Methods The small mammals,parasitic fleas and environmental factors were collected in different altitudes of Jianchuan county across four seasons.Utilizing the hurdle model,the study analyzed the factors affecting the abundance and richness of parasitic fleas in environmental factors(season,habitat,and elevation)and small mammal characteristics(species,sex,age,body length,tail length,hindfoot length,ear height,and weight).Results The multivariate hurdle negative binomial model of the abundance of parasitic fleas showed that the flea infestation rates of wild small mammals were reduced by 68％,78％,and 45％in summer,autumn,and winter,respectively,compared to the spring season.There was a 35％reduction in wild small mammals in woodlands compared to the cultivated field.The flea infestation rate increased by 0.41 times for Eothenomys mileyus,decreased by 54％for Apodemus draco,and decreased by 39％for other species compared to Apodemus chevrieri.The number of infected fleas decreased by 60％for Apodemus draco compared to Apodemus chevrieri.The rate of flea infestation in female small mammals was reduced by 25％.The number of infected fleas in adult small mammals was reduced by 44％.The flea infestation rate increased by 0.48 and 0.53 times for longer body length and taller ear height,respectively.Infected fleas decreased by 49％in small mammals with longer tail lengths.The result of the multivariate Poisson hurdle model of the richness of parasitic fleas showed that the flea infestation rate was significantly lower in summer,autumn,and winter compared to spring,with 68％,78％,and 45％decreased in distribution.Woodlands had 47％lower infected flea species than the cultivated field.The flea infestation rate increased 0.41 times for Eothenomys mileyus,54％lower for Apodemus draco,and 39％lower for other small mammal species compared to Apodemus chevrieri.The rate of flea infestation in female small mammals was reduced by 25％.The flea infestation rate increased by 0.48 and 0.53 times for the longer body length and taller ear height,respectively.Conclusions Season,habitat,small mammal species,sex,age,body length,tail length,and ear height affected the abundance of parasitic fleas.Season,habitat,small mammal species,gender,body length,and ear height affected the richness of parasitic fleas.
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