Objective This study aims to investigate the hematopoietic and immune regulatory effects of Mongolian medicine Yishui Buxue Wan on AA by constructing a rat model of aplastic anemia(AA).Method Sixty SPF grade SD rats(200±10g)were randomly divided into a normal control group,a relapse model group,a stanozolol treatment group,and large,medium,and small dose Yimui Bux-ue Wan groups,with 10 rats in each group.The drug intervention group started administering medication by gavage on the 14th day of the experiment,and the animals were euthanized at the end of the 6th week.Perform peripheral blood cell and bone marrow nucleated cell counts,bone marrow pathology examination,organ index calculation,and detect relevant inflammatory factors using ELISA meth-od.Results The peripheral blood triad,granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF),and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor(M-CSF)were significantly reduced in the aplastic anemia model group of rats,and the number of bone marrow nucleated cells(BMCs)was significantly reduced.Inflammatory factors(TNF-α,IFN-γ,and IL-2)and spleen index increased.The thymus index and IL-10 levels decreased.The treatment with Mongolian medicine Yimui Buxue Wan can significantly improve the destruction of hemato-poietic structure in AA bone marrow,increase the number of nucleated cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood three line cells;Ef-fectively reduce the levels of serum TNF-α,IFN-γ,IL-2 inflammatory factors and spleen index,and increase IL-10 levels and thymus index.Conclusion The Mongolian medicine Yishui Buxue Wan can effectively promote bone marrow hematopoiesis in rats with aplastic anemia,regulate immune dysfunction,and increase cytokine levels.