Contractual Arrangements and Smallholders'Income Growth:Based on Three Typical Patterns of Interest Linkage Between Smallholders and Cooperatives
Previous studies have explored the income-increasing effect of various interest linkage models between smallholders and cooperatives,but it is not yet known which interest linkage model can promote smallholders'income growth better.This paper constructs a farmer model that integrates consumption and production to analyze the causal relationship between contractual ar-rangement and smallholders'income growth.Based on CLES(2020-2022)data,this paper conducts empirical testing of the income-increasing effect on three typical interest linkage mod-els.The results show that:(1)There is a significant causal relationship between contractual ar-rangements and smallholders'income growth.The income-increasing effect from the lower to the higher is,the"renting land+hiring workers"model,contract farming model and stock coopera-tion model,and this causal effect is still valid after considering robustness tests such as the esti-mation error of omitted variables,endogeneity,and replacement of samples.(2)Smallholders rely on contractual arrangements to achieve effective income growth through farmland transfer-out and labor time reallocating("renting land+hiring workers"model),premium on products(contract farming model),and increasing industrial value share(stock cooperation model).This paper effectively identifies the income differences and mechanisms of three typical interest linkage models of contractual arrangements between smallholders and cooperatives,providing the-oretical support for the connection between smallholders and modern agricultural development,as well as the income increasing mode and implementation path.
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