On the Late Medieval Thoughts and the Turn of Subjectivity in Early Modern Philosophy
Represented by Descartes'"Cogito"and Kant's transcendental philosophy,early modem philosophy completed the turn of subjectivity,namely the"Copernican revolution"and established the foundational position of self-consciousness in the reconstruction of the world order.This paper argues that the emergence of"Cogito"is closely relat-ed to the concept of the"Viator"(traveler)that originated from Greek mythology and Christian theology.This concept portrayed the pilgrim who remained in the mortal world and gradually acquired self-independence and subjectivity in the philosophical and theological development of the 14th century,thus preparing the way for the birth of the Cogito.This shift in the meaning of Viator stems from the incompatibility created between the Aristotelian concept of Being and God in Christian theology.The combination of the two leads to a contradiction between the transcendence and immanence of God,resulting in the transfer of the immanence of God to the immanence of the human mind,and the resulting phenom-enon of the"sinking of immanence,"which provides the prerequisite for the certainty of the immanent order of the hu-man mind.As God's transcendence continues to rise,the viator is gradually transformed into its subjective form:"cogito".
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