Changes of the Governance System of Immigrants Community in Northeast China in Late Qing Dynasty:Centered on the Lalin River Area
The Northeast China saw large scale uprisings during the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi of Qing dynas-ty.The Lalin River area which developed more than a century was heavily influenced by those uprisings.Cities and towns in the River area,such as Dubona,Alekechu,Shuangchengpu,were conquered,which shocked and struck the lo-cal government too deeply to lose control of the local jurisdictions.The main reason was that the local officers and sol-diers were transferred to other areas and their abilities of governance were limited.However,the fundamental reason lay in the institutional factor of the dual administrative system of the Eight Banners and civil affairs which attached much more importance to military than to civil affairs.Therefore,the Jilin Generals Ming'an and Xiyuan in the reign of Guan-gxu,advocated a reform of increasing the number of civil officers and innovating the administration of officials,so as to keep the local order.The prefectures and counties were widely established in the Lalin River area till Late Qing dynasty reform,and completed the transition of the local governance system.This completely proves that the"Manchu Factors"in Manchuria area are probably not the success experience of the reign of Qing dynasty,and there're many social issues unsolved due to the short and hasty compressed process of the borderland becoming inland.
late Qing dynastynortheast Chinagovernance systemimmigrants communityLalin River area
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