Tumor budding is a pathological phenomenon in a variety of solid cancers,which is usually defined as an isolated cluster of one or up to four cancer cells located at the front of an invasive tumor.The prognostic value of tumor budding has been supported by a lot of evidence,and tumor budding is also regarded as a key step in malignant tumor metastasis.Since tumor budding is a dynamic transforming process,this paper aims to explore its cytokine and molecular changes in the specific processes of tumor cell separation,migration and invasion,immune resistance,proliferation and apoptosis.and clarify the molecular pathways and gene regulatory pathways involved in the formation and maintenance of tumor budding.
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