From a long historical perspective,the intellectual class mostly maintains a tolerant attitude towards the"spiritual be-ings"of the general public,and literati often contribute to this kind of folk customs and vulgarity.The content of"karma"in the late Qing's Dian Shi Zhai Pictorial had a wide influence,presenting a collective carnival scene of intellectual elites and the gener-al public.This interaction quietly changed during the late Qing's New Deal period.The fact that the general public was in a deep vortex of ignorance due to superstition has become a common-sense conclusion for intellectual elites and government officials.The vulgar pictorials of this period published the"Zi Bu Yu"series,which used imported"scientific"knowledge as a benchmark for rejecting"superstition",paving a new open world for the general public,and using it to guide the reshaping of people's daily lives.The shift in traditional"spiritual beings"imagery and discourse strategies was a reflection of the collective mentality of government officials and intellectual elites who held reformist attitudes in late Qing Dynasty society.
anti-superstition movementvulgar pictorialsZi Bu YuBeijing Pictoriallate Qing Dynasty
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