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明代"擒斩功"论略

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在明代,擒斩敌人可获军功,即"擒斩功".洪武二十八年前,擒斩仅获赏赐,并未作为武职升授依据;到洪武二十九年,武官擒斩"倭贼"者被纳入升职之列;至永乐元年,擒斩名颗多寡亦开始作为旗军群体升职依据;宣德后,擒斩获功标准逐步量化并作为法规被确定下来,此后成为明代军功之主流.但在不同战事中,擒斩所获之功也因擒斩的对象、地域,被擒斩的敌人重要性以及擒斩首从贡献的不同而有所差异.因擒斩获功之诱惑,冒功、买功以及贻误战机等问题也不断出现,朝廷分别采取措施进行预防与惩治.有明一代,擒斩功在激励将士奋勇作战、稳定西南和北部边疆安全、促进国家军功体系之完善等方面起到的积极作用,是不容忽视的.
A Brief Discussion on Military Merit of Enemy Capturing and Beheading in Ming Dynasty
In the Ming Dynasty,the capture and killing of the enemy could gain military merit,which was titled"the merit of enemy capturing and beheading".Prior to the 28th year of Hongwu,enemy capturing was rewarded but did not serve as a basis for military promotion.Changes began to take place in the 29th year of Hongwu,when those who captured and kill-ed"Japanese pirates"were included in the promotion list.After the Xuande period,the standard of the reward was gradually quantified and became a set practice,and then became the mainstream of military merit in the Ming Dynasty.However,in different wars,the merit of enemy capturing and beheading varied depending on who was captured or beheaded,where it oc-curred,how important the enemy was,and how much contribution was made.However,problems began to arise like"faking merit","buying merit"and"bungling the chance of winning a battle".The Ming government took a series of measures to prevent and punish such misconducts.Generally speaking,the military merit of enemy capturing and beheading played a posi-tive role during the Ming Dynasty in encouraging soldiers to fight bravely,stabilizing the security of the southwest and north-ern border areas,and improving the national military meritorious system.

the military merit of enemy capturing and beheadingthe Ming Dynastymilitary meritfaking meritbuy-ing merit

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贵州师范大学历史与政治学院暨历史研究院/喀斯特生态文明研究中心,贵州贵阳 550025

擒斩功 明代 军功 冒功 买功

贵州省哲学社会科学规划项目(2022)

22GZQN13

2022

军事历史研究
中国人民解放军南京政治学院

军事历史研究

CHSSCD
影响因子:0.199
ISSN:1009-3451
年,卷(期):2022.36(3)
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