An Equity-oriented Planning Method for Freight Carbon Tax Base on Integrated Modelling Framework
This paper proposes an equity-oriented planning method for the freight carbon tax,which is developed based on an integrated modelling approach to study its potential impacts on regional equity.The proposed method uses a bi-level programming model.The upper-level model uses the Dagum Gini coefficient to evaluate the equity of the freight carbon tax policy on industrial locations across regions.Based on this evaluation,it optimizes the freight carbon tax rates for each region to enhance their equity.The lower-level model simulates the interaction among regional socio-economic activities,transportation,and environment by adapting an integrated land use-transportation model.Due to the complex interaction between decision variables and objective functions,this study proposes a Bayesian optimization method to solve the above model.Extending from the above integrated land-use and transportation model,the proposed model not only provides a comprehensive impact analysis of the freight carbon tax policies on freight emission and industrial locations,but also takes the equity of such policies onto regional multimodal transportation networks and industrial locations into policy formulation.Taking the Yangtze River Economic Belt as an example,the findings suggest that a freight carbon tax policy of 80 Yuan per ton could intensify the adverse effects on the utility of industrial locations.Specifically,the net difference between regions accounts for 74.63%of the total Gini coefficients.In contrast,the differentiated freight carbon tax policy formulated by the model can not only effectively reduce the net difference between regions under the same freight emission reduction target,but also decrease the total Gini coefficient from 0.180 to 0.115,which balances the equity impact of the freight carbon tax policies on the location of manufacturing industries in different regions.
integrated transportationintegrated land-use and transportation modelBayesian optimizationequitycarbon tax
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