Research on rice field productivity and methane emission trends across five continents
[Objective]Rice is the staple food for nearly half of the global population.With the continuous growth of the world's population,there is a need to produce more rice.However,even with effective control of carbon dioxide emissions,the greenhouse effect caused by global methane emissions poses a significant challenge to the targets set by the Paris Agreement.[Method]The productivity of rice production across the five continents is closely linked to the achievement of the United Nations'Sustainable Development Goal of eliminating hunger by 2030 and the global methane commitment.To explore this relationship,this study utilizes relevant data from the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)and the United Nations Population Division to analyze the global patterns of rice field productivity and methane emission trends.[Result]The research findings indicate that:(1)In 2020,global methane emissions from rice cultivation amounted to 24 503 974 metric tons.To meet the global rice demand by 2030 and achieve the goals of the global methane commitment,methane intensity in rice cultivation needs to be reduced by 19.48%-22.15%during the period from 2020 to 2030.(2)Important measures to reduce methane intensity include the adoption of intermittent flooding irrigation,tillage combined with straw carbonization and return,controlled-release fertilizers,organic fertilizers,iron(III)fertilizers,cultivating high-yielding hybrid rice,and rice-oil or rice-wheat rotation.(3)The African region poses the greatest challenge to achieving the United Nations'goal of eliminating hunger by 2030.Due to higher environmental costs of food production(approximately 50 kg CH4/t rice)and population growth rates(23.83%-27.98%),as well as the upward trend in food prices,Africa's dependence on external food sources is expected to increase further.(4)The greenhouse effect of rice is at least three times higher than that of wheat and maize.However,per unit weight,wheat and maize provide approximately 6.69%-41.54%,7.69%-125.00%,and 64.00%-277.78%more calories,protein,and fat,respectively,compared to rice.[Conclusion]Rice production methane emission reduction pressure,while continuously strengthening field management and cultivation technology innovation development,major rice-consuming countries in Asia should vigorously promote a strategy of diversifying staple foods.Finally,this study provides relevant policy recommendations to support the theoretical framework for meeting the increasing global demand for food while reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions.
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