This study examines the phenomenon of'Yazhi'and'Yachou'bronzes from the late Shang Dynasty,as well as'Hu','Ding'and'Li'Bronzes of the early Western Zhou Dynasty,alongside excavations of similar ceramic molds from the Xiaomintun bronze foundry.It suggests that bronzewares with identical specific decorations,shapes,and patterns might belong to different groups or clans.Moreover,the same foundry can produce identical decorative bronzes,or even bronzes with identical shapes and patterns,for various ethnic groups or clans.Additionally,a single foundry may produce identical decorative bronzes for different dynasties,typically associated with distant ethnic groups and cultures.Bronzes with the same specific decoration often belong to the same social class and may transcend between ethnic groups or clans,but not social hierarchies.
Specific decorative bronzesSingle element decorationDifferent ethnic groups and clansBronze foundryRelationship
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