A substantial number of Neolithic sites have been identified in the Guyuan area,though their cultural associations remain under-investigated.In 2018 and 2019,a series of surveys and re-investigations were conducted on the eastern and western foothills of the Liupan Mountains.This fieldwork clarified the characteristics of Neolithic sites in the upper reaches of the Qingshui River and the lower reaches of the Hulu River.The cultural association of sites in the upper Qingshui River,north of Guyuan,is classified as the Caiyuan culture.In contrast,the lower reaches of the Hulu River fall within the distribution area of the Qijia culture.