Glucose metabolism reprogramming of macrophages in heterotopic ossification
Heterotopic ossification(HO)was the formation of bone outside the skeleton in non-bone tissue.Inflammation had a contributory role in the development of HO,and macrophages were key mediators of inflammation.Large numbers of macrophages were recruited to the site of HO and were involved in the molecular mechanisms of osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells,an-giogenesis,and the hypoxic microenvironment.Influenced by changes in the microenvironment,macrophages were activated and polar-ized into different subpopulations exercising different functions.Metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle played specific roles for both macrophage activation and homeostatic functions.In this paper,we provided an overview of the reprogramming of glycometabolism in macrophages in HO.