Nanotechnology-based drug delivery strategies for cancer therapy
Precise and efficient drug delivery is important for cancer treatment,which can be divided into in vitro and in vivo delivery.In vitro delivery acts directly on the target cell or tissue,whereas biological barriers can impede effective drug delivery for in vivo drug delivery.Drug delivery strategies are different between the in vitro and in vivo delivery.The current problem in in vitro delivery is the selection and design of the delivery vehicle.The delivery vehicle is a key component of in vitro delivery technology,which determines the delivery method.The delivery vehicle also affects the stability,transfection efficiency,immunogenicity and toxicity of the delivered substance.Currently,the commonly used in vitro delivery methods can be categorized into three major categories:Biologically-mediated,nanoparticle-mediated and physically-mediated delivery.The main method of biological delivery is viral transfection,in which viruses are modified as tools due to their ability to infect cells and are used to deliver genes to cells.The nanoparticle in vitro delivery system is a technology that uses nanoscaled particles as carriers to deliver organic small molecules or biomolecules into cells and tissues.Nanoparticles are widely used in in vitro delivery due to the various composition and advantages such as high specific surface area,adjustable shape and size,and easy modification.Another important class of in vitro delivery is physically mediated delivery.An exogenous force or field mediates the entry of the exogenous substance to be delivered into the cell.The two most typical methods are microinjection and electroporation.For in vivo drug delivery,nanomaterials are a promising strategy to improve drug delivery due to the size,shape and chemical modification,etc.The nanostructured drug delivery system can improve drug delivery efficiency such as poor drug distribution,inefficient penetration across biological barriers and off-target effects,which can be divided into polymer-based nanomaterials,inorganic-based nanomaterials and lipid-based nanomaterials.Lipid-based materials are most typically spherical platforms comprising at least one lipid bilayer.As a delivery system,the lipid-based materials drug delivery system has many advantages including formulation simplicity,self-assembly,biocompatibility,high bioavailability,ability to carry large payloads and a range of physicochemical properties that can be controlled to modulate their biological characteristics.Polymer-based nanomaterials can be synthesized from natural or synthetic materials,as well as monomers or preformed polymers,which are generally good delivery vehicles because they are biocompatible and have simple formulation parameters.Polymer-based nanomaterials enable delivery of various drugs such as hydrophobic/hydrophilic drug,small molecules,biological macromolecules,proteins and vaccines.Inorganic-based nanomaterials such as gold,iron and silica have been synthesized and used for various drug delivery and imaging applications.These inorganic nanomaterials are precisely prepared to have a wide variety of sizes and structures,which can be easily functionalized and show delivery capabilities.The nanotechnology has addressed many drug delivery challenges.Established delivery approaches can be applied in the emerging therapeutic drug delivery,such as protein and peptides delivery.In this review,we summarize the progress and challenges in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems in vivo and in vitro.
drug deliverynanomaterialsnanotechnologycancer therapy
NETL
NSTL
万方数据
维普
