Phytopathogens cause many serious diseases in plants.During millions of years of battles with plants,phytopathogens have evolved many strategies to suppress plant immunity for their infection.Effectors,secreted by pathogens during infection,are the key weapon of pathogens.These effectors act either in the apoplast or cytoplasm and play a vital role in interfering with plant physiology and defense responses in order to create a suitable environment for colonization.Effector biology research has achieved tremendous progress in the last two decades,enabling us to recognize their essential roles in plant and pathogen interactions.Technique advancements have increased our understanding to effector biology.Development of high-throughput sequencing and omics techniques have dramatically improved our ability to identify and characterize effector repertoires in various pathogens.The elucidation of effector targets and their mode of action has helped us use these knowledges to engineer disease-resistant crops through genetic modification.Currently,our understanding to pathogen effector biology has undergone a significant expansion beyond the well-known immune signaling suppression.Effectors have been found to interfere with diverse biological processes of host plants,including plant metabolism,the dynamic regulation of stomatal movement,phytohormone signaling,the function of organelles,and even the delicate balance of host-associated microbiome.This paradigm shift highlights the complexity of the host-pathogen interactions and reveals the multifaceted strategies that pathogens employ to establish successful infections.One of the groundbreaking achievements in effector biology is the discovery of plant resistosomes,which resolves the long-standing question that how plant NLR immune receptors recognize effectors for immune activation.This groundbreaking finding not only provides a complete framework for us to understand the effector-triggered immunity in plants but also holds profound implications for the view of host-pathogen interactions,which will prompt the development of innovative strategies to bolster crop protection and food security.This review summarizes the recent research advances of phytopathogen effectors,including effector characteristics,diversity in different pathogens,translocation,the functions in interfering with host multiple biological processes,and their recognition in host plants and the discovery of plant resistosomes.Additionally,it offers a perspective for future research in the field of effector biology.
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