Current status and prospects of the relationship between oral microbiome and the occurrence and development of lung cancer
The occurrence and development of lung cancer involve a complex process that is affected by genetic factors and external stimuli.Lung cancer events induced by environmental factors are more common than those due to genetic factors.The microbiome is an environmental stimulator that plays a vital role in human health and disease,and it has received extensive attention in the past few decades.As one of the most diverse and abundant microbial communities in the human body,the oral microbiome is also the main source of microbes in the lung.When the oral microbiota is unbalanced,the microbial population can be transformed into a pathogenic community that can induce or promote oral and extraoral diseases.Recently,researchers have studied the relationship between the microbiota and lung cancer and found that the microbiome is an environmental factor affecting the occurrence and development of the disease.Poor oral health caused by an imbalance of the oral microbiota increases the risk of lung cancer.Notably,oral microorganisms,such as Porphyromonas gingivalis,Streptococcus,Fusobacterium nucleatum,Veillonella,Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans,and Haemophilus influenzae,are the main oral carcinogenic microorganisms.The mechanisms whereby these oral microbes induce the occurrence and development of lung cancer are mainly through(1)disrupting the biological barrier formed by epithelial cells or through direct inhalation leading to colonization of the lungs,stimulate long-term chronic inflammation,and provide a favorable environment for lung cancer cell proliferation and mutations,or through the colonization of the intestinal tract to affect the function of intestinal flora and promote the growth and proliferation of lung cancer cells.(2)Oral microorganisms can lead to imbalanced immune homeostasis regulation or eliminate the mechanisms of immunity against tumors and promote the escape of tumor cells.They can also lead to pulmonary immune deficiencies and create conditions for the occurrence of cancer.(3)Oral microorganisms can also cause the production of carcinogens,such as reactive oxygen species,thereby affecting cell proliferation and apoptotic signaling pathways and promoting the proliferation,invasion,and metastasis of lung cancer cells.Briefly,these studies support the important application potential of oral microbiota in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.Although many studies have supported a relationship between the oral microbiome and lung cancer,research on the potential mechanisms of action is still in the early stages,and more in-depth investigations are needed.This review discusses the characteristics of the oral microbiota in patients with lung cancer;in vivo and in vitro studies on the oral microbiota and lung cancer;and the prospect of using oral microbiota in the prevention,clinical diagnosis,and treatment of lung cancer.This review aims to provide an overview of the cutting-edge advancements in the field of oral microbiota-lung cancer research,discuss current challenges,and highlight future directions,in order to inspire researchers to develop a greater interest and conduct more in-depth studies in this emerging field.
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万方数据
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