Advances in applications of nanoenzymes in antibiotic detection
Antibiotics have been extensively used as therapeutic drugs in medicine,animal husbandry,and aquaculture.However,the excessive use of antibiotics presents a significant threat to both the ecological environment and human health.Antibiotic residues continue to pose a hazard to human and animal health due to bioaccumulation.Therefore,it is crucial to detect antibiotic residues in the environment.Currently,researchers are actively developing various sensor platforms,such as chemical and physical methods to detect antibiotic residues in different sample matrices.Biological nanomaterials have been extensively studied for their exceptional performance in the rapid and sensitive detection of antibiotics.Enzymes are highly potent catalysts,known for their remarkable ability to accelerate reactions and exhibit unparalleled selectivity.These unique characteristics make enzymes a primary focus of research for scientists.However,the application of natural enzymes is greatly limited due to their inherent drawbacks,such as easy deactivation and environmental dependence.To overcome these limitations,researchers have synthesized nanoenzymes that mimic the functions of natural enzymes while maintaining stable catalytic activity.Nanoenzymes are functional nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic activity,making them a new generation of artificial enzymes.Comparing with nature enzymes,nanoenzymes offer several advantages,including high stability,low synthesis cost,good ability to withstand harsh reaction conditions,easy surface regulation,and biocompatibility.In the past decade,nanoenzymes have emerged as a promising alternative in various technical fields.Their versatility and applicability make nanoenzymes highly valuable in various technical fields,such as immunoassays,biosensing,small molecule detection,diagnosis,imaging,therapy,microbial management,and pollutant removal.The incorporation of nanoenzymes into existing sensors can enhance their detection and sensing capabilities.Although great efforts have been achieved in some reviews for the summarization of nanoenzymes-based sensors,most have only focused on the materials or signals used in tumor treatment,biomedical applications,and few reports concentrate on the construction and classification of these sensing units in environmental science and technology,especially in antibiotic contaminants.Due to the rapidly increasing antibiotics,it is vital to detect and remove organic pollutants using new nanoenzyme technologies.This review explores the catalytic processes and abilities of four common nanoenzymes,while also highlighting their inherent connections.The four nanoenzymes discussed are peroxidase,catalase,oxidase,and superoxide dismutase nanoenzymes.Meanwhile,the review provides a comprehensive elaboration on the research progress in antibiotic detection using these nanoenzymes and discusses their reaction mechanisms.Additionally,it focuses on the recent advancements in antibiotic detection using nanoenzyme sensors,and mainly focus on ultraviolet methods,electrochemical methods,fluorescence methods,and their respective working principles and detection performance.In addition,the nanoenzyme-based sensors have also shown promising conversion potential to detect multiple pesticides simultaneously,which require the integration of multiple recognition elements into sensors.This review holds great significance in guiding the development of advanced antibiotic analysis techniques and monitoring and controlling effectively of antibiotic pollution in the environment.
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