Research progress in lead leakage suppression and recovery management of perovskite solar cells
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)possess characteristics such as adjustable band gap,long carrier lifetime,small exciton binding energy,large absorbance coefficient and high defect tolerance.However,the photosensitive layer in perovskite contains heavy metal lead,which can be harmful to the ecological environment and living organisms.Due to its toxicity,perovskites may decompose into lead-containing compounds when exposed to environmental factors like moisture,high temperature,and intense light,leading to environmental pollution problems and hindering the commercialization process and market applications.Current research shows that solar cells made from alternative elements struggle to match the stability and efficiency of lead-based solar cells.To facilitate the commercialization and widespread adoption of high-performance perovskite solar cell devices,current research focuses on enhancing the stability of lead-based perovskite solar cells,increasing the inhibition rate of lead leakage in these devices,and implementing recycling and management strategies for lead-containing compounds.This review aims to elucidate the approaches for mitigating lead leakage from PSCs and the techniques for recycling and managing associated lead compounds.An analysis of the mechanism behind lead's toxicity in living organisms was conducted initially.Lead's toxicity arises from its competition with essential ions such as iron and zinc for binding sites,thereby disrupting the normal physiological functions of organisms.Specifically,in humans,lead predominantly impacts the nervous,digestive and hematopoietic systems.Comprehension of lead toxicity and its implications for organisms is paramount in curtailing lead leakage,as compounds containing lead from PSCs devices may accumulate and persist in the environment due to extreme environmental conditions.Subsequently,the review explores the mechanism of lead precipitation and leakage in lead-based perovskites,noting that lead precipitation in batteries is principally influenced by three environmental factors:Temperature,humidity and light.A comprehensive discussion on the potential mechanisms of lead leakage under the variation of these environmental factors is provided,alongside an analysis of specific differences of these impact factors on organic hybrid perovskite solar cells and all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.After that,the review systematically categorizes the three primary methods to suppress lead leakage from PSCs.The initial approach involves the use of external encapsulation strategies,where research methodologies employ self-healing polymers and glass cover plates for encapsulation.These techniques aim to prevent external moisture penetration into perovskite photovoltaic modules and enhance flame retardancy.Chemisorption-based strategies,categorize additives into in-situ and non-in-situ adsorption based on their site of action.Among them,in-situ adsorption involves integrating lead capture materials into the device's photovoltaic module of the device,which can be added to the precursor solution or used as interface modifiers.While non-in-situ adsorption entails encapsulating chemisorption materials externally or between the metal electrode and sealing glass.The third strategy utilizes hole transport or electron transport layers with lead adsorption properties.Finally,on the basis of the above discussion,the future strategies for controlling lead leakage and sustainable recycling and management of waste PSCs are discussed based on the preceding analysis.At present,the main methods of lead recycling management include stripping and recycling and in-situ recycling.At the end of the review,we look forward to the future research on how to develop packaging materials,use lead adsorption materials,and find ways to recycle lead.In order to intuitively understand the measures to suppress lead leakage mentioned in this review,we have summarized them in the form of charts.
perovskite solar cellslead leakslead absorptionlead recycling
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