Research progress of carbon dots and their preparation by the microwave method using chitosan as the raw material
Carbon dots(CDs)are a novel class of multifunctional,zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with outstanding characteristics.Owing to their excellent optical properties,high biocompatibility,and unique surface functionalization,CDs have emerged as a focal point of research within the global scientific and technological community.The utilization of biomass raw materials as a precursor system material for preparing CDs has drawn significant attention due to the cost-effectiveness and environmentally friendly synthesis of the materials.This review presents a comprehensive summary of the following six key aspects regarding CDs.(1)Synthesis Methods of CDs:This section presents a concise introduction to currently prevalent synthesis strategies for CDs,namely the"top-down"and"bottom-up"approaches.In addition,the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are briefly outlined.(2)Development Process and Applications of CDs:The evolution of CDs over the past two decades,their breakthroughs,and the latest development trends are briefly described.(3)Exploration of the Material Structure and Photoelectronic Mechanism of CDs:Drawing from existing research publications and literature review,this section collates the current understanding of the structural classification and photoelectronic functionality of CDs.It is deduced that the structure and properties of the products are decisively affected by various factors,such as precursor materials,incorporation of heteroatomic elements,and preparation methods,and conditions.While underscoring general synthesis principles,this section also raises questions and challenges that warrant further exploration.(4)Microwave Assisted Chemical Reaction Characteristics:Given the diverse application landscape of CDs,a large-scale preparation method is imperative.This section introduces microwave technology and its process characteristics.It posits that the microwave-based preparation process is reliable,with straightforward post-treatment steps,making it suitable for the scalable production of CDs.(5)Molecular Structure and Properties of Chitosan(CTS)for CDs:CTS,which is derived from discarded shrimp and crab shells through chitin deacetylation,is the second most abundant natural renewable resource.Emphasis is placed on the utilization of CTS as a precursor material and the employment of microwave synthesis methods to produce CDs.Many reported studies detailing the preparation of CDs from chitosan and their diverse applications are listed.The feasibility of using CTS as the precursor material,coupled with the use of the microwave synthesis method,for large-scale CDs synthesis is verified.(6)Conclusions and Outlook:Challenges and prospects for future large-scale applications of CDs are outlined and delineated.
carbon dotsstructure and fluorescenceheteroatom modificationmicrowave technologychitosan
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