Mono-micelle directed assembly for the synthesis of mesoporous materials
Due to their high specific surface area,large pore volume,unique mesoporous structure,and diverse composition,functional mesoporous materials have shown tremendous potential in the fields of catalysis,energy storage,biomedicine,adsorption,and separation,especially in chemical reactions involving large molecules.The composition of mesoporous materials is abundant,encompassing a broad spectrum of components,including silicates,polymers,carbons,metals,metal oxides,metal phosphates,and metal sulfides.Mesoporous materials also exhibit structural diversity.On one hand,the size,morphology,as well as pore size and structure of the mesoporous materials can be easily tuned.On the other hand,mesoporous materials can be adjusted from low-dimensional to complex three-dimensional structures.Currently,researchers are devoted to preparing ordered mesoporous materials with controllable composition,morphology,and mesoporous channels,in order to reveal the formation mechanism of mesoporous structures and explore their potential applications.The key challenge in the fabrication of mesoporous materials lies in constructing a well-ordered arrangement of pores within the material at the mesoscale(2-50 nm).There are two main methods for creating mesopores,namely hard templating and soft templating.Hard templating involves the use of pre-synthesized mesoporous solids for nanocasting or colloidal nanocrystals as sacrificial templates.The stability of the hard templates makes it suitable for preparing functional mesoporous materials with a variety of compositions.However,this method is costly,time-consuming,and remains challenge in adjusting the mesoporous parameters such as meso-structure and pore size.In contrast,soft templating involves the fabrication of mesoporous materials starting from single micelles,which are typically formed by the assembly of amphiphilic surfactants or block copolymers.Subsequently,the organic or inorganic precursors assemble around the micelle interface to form a composite micelle.Finally,the precursors assembled on the composite micelle interface undergo further cross-linking and polymerization,in order to form meso-structural composite materials.After the removal of the templates,corresponding mesoporous material can be obtained.Thus,the regulation of pore structures in mesoporous materials can be achieved by controlling the assembly process of micelles,which is a convenient and cost-effective method used more commonly in mesoporous material synthesis.Fortunately,functional mesoporous materials have undergone remarkable advancements via surfactant-templating methods in the last three decades,evolving into a vast family comprising a wide array of compositions and architectures.These methods involve the initial formation of single or aggregated micelles by surfactants,which subsequently assemble with precursors or oligomers to establish ordered mesostructures at interfaces of micelles.Therefore,in this review,we focus on the preparation of mono-micelle derived nanostructures,the assembly of single micelle building blocks with precursors or oligomers,and the interface-induced assembly of mono-micelles for the synthesis of mesoporous materials with multilevel architectures,ranging from 0D to 3D.In addition,enhancing readers'understanding of the formation process of mono-micelles,the assembly of micelles,and the generation mechanism of ordered meso-structures is our goal.Finally,we briefly summarize the challenges and opportunities in this field,as well as the potential directions for the development of single-micelle directed assembly for the synthesis of mesoporous materials.
soft templatemono-micelleself-assemblymesoporous material
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