Carbon is an important element that is essential for living organisms and is widely distributed on the earth.In the exploration and application of carbon materials,researchers are committed to exploring and developing the different properties of carbon materials with different structures and their applications.Existing carbon materials can be classified into three types based on the type of electron orbital hybridization.The first type is formed by the arrangement of three-dimensional sp3-hybridized carbon atoms,such as the hardest natural material,diamond,and its derivatives,hexagonal carbon and octagonal carbons.The arrangement of two-dimensional sp2forms the second type of hybridized carbon atoms,such as graphite,graphene,carbon nanotubes,and fullerenes.The third type is composed of one-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon atoms arranged as a one-dimensional carbon chain.The third type of carbon material is a hexagonal crystal of one-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon atoms in the form of a grayish-white powder called carbyne(referred to as the third carbon).This discovery has motivated researchers in the fields of physics,chemistry,and materials science to explore its synthesis in laboratories.Meanwhile,theoretical physicists and chemists have predicted that carbyne will have several unusual properties in physics and chemistry and that it will have notable applications in several fields,similar to fullerenes and graphene.This paper presents a review of the recent research progress on carbyne.It begins by defining carbyne;then,the synthesis techniques of carbyne and the structural features of carbyne nanocrystals prepared through liquid-phase laser ablation are reviewed.Carbyne nanocrystals are special nanocrystals with a unique hexagonal lattice formed by one-dimensional carbon chains connected through van der Waals forces.These carbon chains are alternately arranged with carbon-carbon triple bonds and single bonds and form crystals via twisting.Because of the unique one-dimensional van der Waals structure of carbyne nanocrystals,numerous of them have unique properties.For instance,carbyne nanocrystals have been observed to exhibit deep-ultraviolet(deep-UV)light detection properties as indirect wide bandgap semiconductors.However,carbyne nanocrystals also have intrinsic luminescence properties,with their luminescence spectra covering the entire spectrum from the UV to infrared region,which would substantially contribute to the development of carbon optoelectronics and thus play an important role in applications such as all-carbon optoelectronic devices.Carbyne nanocrystals have also shown outstanding effects with regard to gas sensing and biological enzyme activity.Finally,this paper presents a summary of the physical properties of carbyne nanocrystals in optics,electricity,and biology and discusses their applications in the fields of nonlinear photoresponse,deep-UV light detection,gas sensors,and biomedicine,and potential areas for their future development are explored.
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