摘要
微生物活体材料是微生物活细胞与细胞外基质的结合,它融合了材料科学与微生物技术的理念,呈现出不同于传统材料的特性和优势.本文探讨了活体材料的制备和成型方法的最新研究成果.其制备技术包括"自下而上"的生物学方法和"自上而下"的材料学方法.这些方法依赖于合成生物学或材料科学技术以控制和提升活体材料的性能.在成型技术方面,模塑成型、微胶囊化、纺丝和3D生物打印等方法可用于加工和塑造活体材料,实现对其形状和结构的精确定制.这些制备和成型技术优化了材料的力学性质、营养物质的传输以及微生物的功能分区,为拓宽活体材料的应用范围提供了强有力的支持.未来的研究将专注于进一步提升活体材料的加工精度、安全性、稳定性和功能性,预期活体材料将在生物医疗、环境治理和可持续发展等多个领域发挥关键作用.
Abstract
Living materials are a new category of materials that integrate living cells with an extracellular matrix,which can be either naturally derived or synthetically created.These innovative materials are distinguished by their abilities for self-replication,self-healing,and adaptation to environmental changes,properties that reflect the dynamic nature of living organisms.The field of living materials leverages the diversity of microorganisms combined with the targeted manipulation made possible through synthetic biology.This enables the customization of both biochemical and physical properties of the materials,opening up a wide array of potential applications in areas such as biomedicine,environmental remediation,and sustainable development.There are generally two methods to prepare living materials:The synthetic biology approach and the materials science approach.The first method takes advantage of the natural process of biofilm formation,where microorganisms secrete biological macromolecules to adhere to surfaces and assemble into complex structures.It can also involve the strategic aggregation of microorganisms,utilizing techniques like protein display to modify cell surfaces with complementary adhesive proteins.Advances in synthetic biology have expanded the toolkit for modifying these biological secretions,enhancing the materials with capabilities not found in nature.The second method involves encapsulating microorganisms within hydrogels or other inorganic materials,which provides a supportive environment that fosters microbial growth while enabling precise control over the biological functions of the material.The integration of inorganic nanoparticles,semiconductors,and electronic devices imparts a range of advanced functions to hybrid living materials.Processing techniques are essential to enable diverse applications of living materials.Molding is a straightforward,cost-effective,and efficient technology for mass manufacturing.It simplifies the production process of materials,reduces costs,and is the preferred solution for replicating complex structures on a large scale.Processing techniques such as microencapsulation and spinning have been developed to enhance the interface between microorganisms and their environment,creating materials with increased surface area for better functional performance.Microencapsulation techniques,including spray drying and microfluidics,produce micrometer-scale spherical materials,while spinning methods enable the fabrication of fibers that can be further processed into textiles and wearable devices.The emergence of 3D bioprinting represents a significant advancement,merging traditional 3D printing techniques with biological engineering to construct complex and functional biological devices.This approach utilizes living cells as bio-inks and necessitates the use of materials that support cell viability and function,challenging researchers to maintain optimal conditions throughout the printing process.The importance of structural design is emphasized in the optimization of functionality of living materials.The precise control over both micro-and macrostructural properties is crucial for optimizing nutrient transfer,compartmentalization,and communication among cells.Through examples and discussion of technological advancements,the vast potential for living materials in contributing to solutions in environmental sustainability,healthcare,and technology innovation is highlighted.Looking ahead,living materials hold the promise of transforming various sectors through the development of sustainable and innovative solutions to contemporary challenges.
维普
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