Design of electrocatalyst based on plasma technology
As societal norms have evolved,the demand for carbon-based fossil fuels has grown exponentially,and the traditional fossil fuel sources,represented by coal,oil,and natural gas,are being consumed at an alarming rate.Consequently,humanity is currently facing a severe energy crisis.The development of new clean energy technologies has become a central focus of contemporary energy and materials research.Electrochemical technology can be employed for the production and conversion of clean,renewable energy.Electrocatalysts play a pivotal role in electrochemical technology.The current focal points of electrochemical research are the design and preparation of novel electrocatalyst materials and the investigation of the catalyst's mechanism of action.The advancement of sophisticated preparation technology represents a pivotal research direction for the development of novel and efficient electrocatalyst materials.Plasma is a fourth state of matter that is distinct from the traditional solid,liquid,and gas states.It is composed of a multitude of free electrons,molecules,and atoms,in addition to other components.Plasma technology has emerged as a novel nanomaterial preparation and modification technique due to the substantial quantity of active substances present in plasma.Due to its universality,simplicity,and high efficiency,plasma technology is frequently employed in the synthesis of transition metal compounds,including nitrides and phosphides.In addition,plasma technology can be employed to dope heterogeneous atoms,including nitrogen and phosphorus doping.Moreover,plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition can be utilized to prepare distinctive nanostructures,such as vertical graphene nanosheet arrays.The plasma source can be broadly categorized into four forms based on its mode of action.The first category is the embedded source,in which the plasma source reacts with the precursor material and forms a compound with it,or the main element contained in the source remains in the precursor material in the form of doping.The second category is the etching-type source,in which the plasma source reacts with the precursor material and etches it.The third category is the reducing-type source,in which the plasma source induces the precursor material to undergo a reduction reaction.The fourth category is the deposition-type source,in which the plasma itself undergoes a deposition reaction to generate a new substance.In this case,however,the source itself does not remain in the precursor;rather,the main element is carried away by the gas flow,which is known as an etching-type source.The plasma source induces the precursor material to undergo a reduction reaction,which is known as a reducing-type source.Finally,the plasma itself undergoes a deposition reaction to generate a new substance,which is known as a deposition-type source.Furthermore,the existence of common catalysts can be divided into two forms:Powder catalysts and planar catalysts.This paper will first provide a brief overview of the fundamental principles and characteristics of plasma technology.Subsequently,the pertinent parameters and their applications in diverse fields,including hydrogen precipitation,oxygen precipitation,oxygen reduction,and other prevalent electrocatalytic reactions,will be examined.Finally,the advantages of plasma technology in the design and preparation of planar electrocatalysts will be summarized.Finally,the plasma technology utilized in the field of catalyst preparation has been discussed in the context of the challenges and difficulties inherent to this approach.These include the lack of clarity regarding the mechanism of interaction between plasma and catalyst materials,the limitations of plasma sources,and the fact that plasma equipment for the preparation of electrocatalysts is not yet sufficiently developed for industrial applications.Furthermore,the potential applications of this technology in the field of energy materials and the emerging research trends in this area are presented.
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