Hydrogen tectonics and oceanfloor hydrogen systems
Hydrogen is the first element formed by the initial fusion at the beginning of the Big Bang,widely distributed in the universe,accounting for 75％of the universal mass.Hydrogen is also widely distributed on the Earth,especially in or under the oceanic crust.Hydrogen energy as the top and clean energy is a hot topic in the context of China's global"dual carbon"goals.All recent reports on natural hydrogen reservoirs are located in the sedimentary basins or ophiolites on land.However,we find it widespread in the global oceanfloor.This article systematically describes scientific concepts such as hydrogen tectonics,oceanfloor hydrogen energy and natural hydrogen systems for the first time.Unlike similar studies,this article mainly explores the spatio-temporal ubiquitous distribution and potential economic value of oceanfloor hydrogen energy from the perspectives of global oceanfloor hydrogen energy formation mechanisms and structural control mechanisms.Hydrogen tectonics refers to the multi-scale structures,deformation styles,or phase transition processes formed by hydrogen element or their compounds or components as independent operating units.The different forms of hydrogen tectonics in nature were utilized by humans in different stages of human civilization from the harvesting era to the information age.Oceanfloor hydrogen energy is one type of hydrogen energy,which is a widely-distributed inorganic hydrogen energy sources in or under the oceanic crust from the Earth's interior.It is an efficient combustion,clean and zero carbon energy source,and a future energy with more attention.It has enormous commercial value.The hydrogen system is a relatively independent structure,tectonics,or operating pattern formed by hydrogen as the operating unit,developing in various forms in the oceanfloor that accounts for two-thirds of the Earth,and being controlled by a variety of oceanfloor tectonics.The fundamental hydrogen tectonics is the hydrogen production mechanism,which is essentially a chemical reaction.The key reactions are:3Fe2SiO4(olivine)+2H2O→2Fe3O4(magnetite)+3SiO2(quartz)+2H2 and Mg2SiO4(olivine)+4CO2+2Ca2++2H2O=2CaMg(CO3)2(dolomite)+SiO2+4H+.Based on these reactions,it not only helps to reduce carbon emission and achieves the"dual carbon"goal,but also helps to simultaneously promote"hydrogen production,carbon reduction,iron emission and heat extraction".Especially in recent years,natural hydrogen-rich fluids have been discovered in land as surface infiltration,underground mines and drilling boreholes,which are produced actually by these reactions in residual oceanfloor-related serpentinites.Therefore,oceanfloor hydrogen energy is one of the most promising new energy sources in the future,which has attracted high attention from some developed countries.However,there is still scientific evaluation in terms of carbon absorption efficiency,hydrogen generation laws,iron discharge destination and geothermal stability.In the future,it is particularly necessary to strengthen research on pathways of hydrogen production,laws of hydrogen accommodation and exploration and utilization techniques in or under the oceanfloor.There are various types of oceanfloor hydrogen tectonics,widely distributed in or under the global oceanic crust.Hydrogen traps in hydrogen tectonics are its reservoirs for natural hydrogen.Hydrogen traps with their transportation systems and generation systems consist of oceanfloor hydrogen energy systems.An enhanced study on oceanfloor hydrogen energy systems can provide fundamental theoretical support for an exploration and exploitation of oceanfloor hydrogen energy.The oceanfloor hydrogen energy is a new-quality marine productive forces for human sustainable development.The large-scale utilization of oceanfloor hydrogen energy will undoubtedly mean that human being will get some new development opportunities in the near future.
Hydrogen tectonicsoceanfloor hydrogen energy systemoceanfloor tectonicshydrogen generation-carbon reducion-iron emission-heat extraction
李三忠、索艳慧、姜兆霞、吴立新
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中国海洋大学,深海圈层与地球系统教育部前沿科学中心,青岛 266100
崂山实验室,青岛 266237
Hydrogen tectonics oceanfloor hydrogen energy system oceanfloor tectonics hydrogen generation-carbon reducion-iron emission-heat extraction
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