Vaccines are one of the most remarkable achievements in the history of medicine and the most cost-effective and efficient way to prevent infectious diseases.By stimulating the immune system,vaccines enable the body to develop a defense mechanism against pathogens.The widespread adoption of vaccines has led to the eradication of the smallpox virus and a significant reduction in the global incidence of polio,measles,and other childhood diseases.Messenger RNA(mRNA)represents an emerging class of nucleic acid therapeutics employed for the prevention and treatment of diverse diseases.mRNA vaccines involve injecting mRNA carrying the encoded antigen protein into the human body,where it functions by translating the antigen protein within cells.This process triggers the production of specific immune responses,effectively achieving the goal of immunization and prevention.During the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,mRNA vaccines played a pivotal role,leading to an unprecedented rapid advancement in this technology.In 2023,Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their groundbreaking discovery in nucleoside modifications.These achievements underscore the immense potential of mRNA technology in the fields of life science and medical research.Although mRNA vaccines have proven to be both effective and safe in preventing infectious diseases,further research is needed to optimize mRNA design and intracellular delivery.Beyond combating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),numerous mRNA vaccines are in the development pipeline for various pathogens,including influenza virus,cytomegalovirus,Zika virus,and respiratory syncytial virus infections.Furthermore,there is a burgeoning momentum in the development of mRNA vaccines and drugs for tumors and rare diseases.This review provides an overview of the characteristics of mRNA drugs and vaccines,highlighting some representative mRNA drugs or vaccines.It delves into key technologies in mRNA vaccine development,such as sequence optimization and engineering innovations.Additionally,this review also discusses advanced lipid nanoparticle delivery systems and the mechanism of action of mRNA-LNP vaccines.Finally,the authors thoroughly examine the prospects and challenges associated with mRNA vaccines.
mRNA vaccinemRNA modificationmRNA deliveryLNP delivery system
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维普
