RNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of major diseases
RNAs(ribonucleic acids),the molecules of"Central Dogma"in life sciences,are comprised of messenger RNAs(mRNAs),ribosomal RNAs(rRNAs),transfer RNAs(tRNAs),small nuclear RNAs(snRNAs),small nucleolar RNAs(snoRNAs),microRNAs(miRNAs),and long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs),circular RNAs(circRNAs)etc.With the in-depth research on RNAs,new types of RNAs with different mechanisms have been identified,which dynamically regulate the physiological processes at multiple levels such as transcription,post-transcriptional regulation and translation.More importantly,RNAs play important roles in the occurrence and development of various major diseases,including malignant tumors,infectious diseases,autoimmune diseases and so on.Theoretical findings of basic RNA research have laid the foundation for the application of RNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.Therefore,targeting RNA is an emerging strategy in the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of diseases,which provides novel precision therapy for many previously incurable diseases.However,the RNA diversity,its complex structure,diverse functions,and its susceptibility for mutation and degradation,have brought many challenges to the clinical application.Based on the discussion of the"RNAs in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Diseases"at the 357th Shuang Qing Forum of the National Natural Science Foundation of China that was held in Hangzhou on November 20-22,2023,this review focuses on the regulatory roles and the underlying biological mechanisms of RNAs,the application of RNAs as biomarkers in disease diagnosis,the new strategies and application of RNA-based drugs and gene-editing in the treatment of major disease,the design strategies and translational clinical application of RNA vaccines for infectious diseases and malignant tumors,as well as the new technologies and methods of RNA research.This paper reviews the important discoveries and cutting-edge research of RNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of major diseases,emphasizes the significant challenges for the development of RNA-based diagnosis and therapeutics,summarizes the key scientific questions,and puts forward the future development direction of RNA research.This review also pointed out that taking advantage of clinical resources of China and the previous innovative discoveries in RNA functions and mechanisms,as well as strengthening interdisciplinary cooperation can deeply and systematically demonstrate the roles and mechanisms of RNA in major diseases,promote the mining of new RNA targets in the diagnosis and treatment of major diseases,and the development of original RNA-based drugs and RNA vaccines,which enhance the whole chain of sustainable development of clinical translational research.Therefore,it provides insights for the application of RNAs in the prevention and treatment of various major diseases.
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