Critical applications and prospects of RNA modification in mRNA vaccines
RNA modification refers to various chemical modifications that occur on the nucleotide bases or ribose of RNA molecules.These modifications are common in different natural types of RNA and can alter the chemical and physical properties of RNA molecules,thereby impacting their functions and fate within cells.In recent years,mRNA vaccines have gradually emerged as reliable alternatives to traditional vaccines due to their high efficiency,rapid design,cost-effectiveness,and relative safety upon administration.mRNA vaccines have shown therapeutic efficacy in multiple fields,including infectious diseases,cancers,immunological diseases,and rare diseases.Many mRNA vaccines have successfully progressed through clinical trials and several have garnered official authorization from the FDA,thus demonstrating the versatility and potential of mRNA vaccines in different therapeutic areas.However,their application of mRNA vaccines has been restricted until recently due to their instability and inefficient in vivo delivery of mRNA.Recent technological advances such as the technological advancements in lipid nanoparticle delivery systems have helped overcome these issues.In addition,RNA modifications play an indispensable role in the development of mRNA vaccines.The application of RNA modifications,such as Ψ,m1Ψ,and m5C,not only greatly reduces the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines but also improves their stability and translation efficiency.The important applications of RNA-modified mRNA vaccines in infectious diseases,such as infections with Zika virus,influenza virus,and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)have greatly facilitated the development of vaccines in this field.Similarly,RNA-modified mRNA vaccines also play a crucial role in cancer immunotherapy.Furthermore,the combination of RNA modifications and adjuvants in mRNA vaccines has shown significant efficacy in tumors,providing a promising new approach for the development of mRNA vaccines that can elicit robust immune responses while ensuring safety and efficacy.Therefore,in this review,we provide an overview of the characteristics of different mRNA modifications.This review focused on analyzing and summarizing the crucial role and important applications of RNA modifications in the development of mRNA vaccines for a variety of infectious diseases and cancers,as well as providing a detailed description of the latest advances and applications of mRNA vaccines in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and cancer.Finally,we will engage in a detailed discussion regarding the current limitations,future prospects,and challenges of research and application in the field of RNA-modified mRNA vaccines.
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