Bernal's Foresight and the Characteristics of the Transfer of the World Science Center:An Empirical Study of International Academic Awards
The world is undergoing a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation,and China has put forth efforts to become a major global center for science and innovation.The exploration of the laws and mecha-nisms of the transfer of the world's scientific centers has never ceased in academia.The United States has held the position of the world's scientific center for nearly a century and appears to be continuing this trend,challenging the traditional view-point on the transfer laws of the world's scientific centers.For China to strive to become a major global center for science and innovation,it is significant to explore the characteristics and mechanisms of the world's scientific centers'transfer.Starting from international academic awards,this study verifies Bernal's prophecy using data from 83 academic awards listed by IREG(International Ranking Expert Group Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence).Scientists who won these awards are used as an indicator,and relevant data is collected through bibliographic analysis.This study divides the period between 1824 and 2020 into eight time periods to retest the transfer laws of world science centers and compare them with existing research conclusions.This study explores three characteristics of the transfer process of world science centers:the transnational migration of scientists,home country advantages in academic awards,and cumulative national award advantages.Past studies in the field of the world's scientific centers have primarily relied on scientific chronologies and historical yearbooks,constrained by limitations such as subjective judgments of the authors of these chronologies,incomplete informa-tion,a bias towards western countries,and a lack of specific disciplinary information.This study based on the measurement of the transfer laws of the world's scientific centers through 83 academic award-winning scientists,aims to explore new per-spectives and approaches in studying the world's scientific centers.Using the number of award-winning scientists as a mea-sure to evaluate the transfer laws of the world's scientific centers demonstrates the scientific and rational nature of the 83 awards in assessing the world's scientific centers,highlighting the pivotal role of scientists in scientific activities.Based on descriptive statistical analysis,the following conclusions are drawn:Firstly,from 1824 to 2020,the direction of transfer of the world's scientific center has shifted from the United Kingdom to a state of no center and then to the United States.The world's scientific development has formed a"one superpower and multiple strong countries"pattern,which will tend towards multi-center development in the future.Secondly,the international migration of scientists is a significant fea-ture of the transfer of the world's scientific center.The home country advantage in academic awards shows significant differ-ences for countries at different stages of scientific development.The cumulative advantage in national science is disadvanta-geous for the future transfer of scientific centers.Thirdly,the reason why the United States has been able to maintain its posi-tion as the world's scientific center for an extended period is attributed to its strong talent attraction and a well-developed ac-ademic evaluation system.Based on 83 academic award-winning scientists,this research finds the transfer law of the world science center fore-seen by Bernard.This research summarizes the characteristics of scientists'transnational migration,the advantages of the home country of international awards and the accumulated advantages of national awards in the process of the transfer of world science centers.After World War Ⅱ,the United States surpassed Britain,Germany and other scientific powers to be-come a new world science center,and maintained this position for a long time.This phenomenon is the result of the compre-hensive action of many factors.Although China's contribution to world science remains relatively low,the trend has im-proved since 2002.Currently,the primary task for China in establishing itself as a major global scientific center is still fo-cused on how to cultivate,attract,and retain local and international talents,creating a systematic talent cultivation model,improving research conditions and atmosphere,allowing more researchers dedicated to contributing to the nation to concen-trate on their academic pursuits without concerns.
academic awardsworld science centrescientistaward winning country
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