Progress in optimization design of hard carbon anodes for sodium ion batteries
The development of suitable anode materials is the key to promote the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries.Among them,hard carbon is considered to be the most ideal choice due to its high capacity,low cost,environmental protection and low working potential.However,hard carbon anode also face problems such as low initial Coulombic efficiency,long cycle stability and poor rate performance in practical applications.In recent years,researchers have made breakthroughs in the optimization of hard carbon anode and achieved a major transformation from laboratory development to commercialized production.This review summarizes the research progress of the performance optimization of hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries.Based on the in-depth understanding of the characteristics of the precursors,the effects of carbonization temperature,pre-oxidation process,pore structure,and heteroatom doping on the performance are analyzed,and the future development direction is summarized.
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