Advances in clinical anatomy of the transnasal approaches to the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery
The intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery located inside the skeleton structure of skull base or inside the skull has clear anatomical landmarks and fixed anatomical structure.However,the parapharyn-geal segment of the internal carotid artery located outside the cranial is surrounded by soft tissues,lacks clear and recognizable anatomical landmarks and sometimes has anatomical variation,which is closely related to transnasal endoscopic surgery.Intraoperative accidental injury can lead to serious complications or even death.Currently,clinical anatomical studies related to the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery under transnasal en-doscopic surgery mainly focus on its anatomical variation and anatomical landmarks.This article reviews on these two aspects in order to provide anatomical reference for surgeons to reduce surgical risks during transnasal endo-scopic surgery.
endoscopic sinus surgeryinternal carotid arteryanatomyparapharryngeal space
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