本文系统回顾了头颈部副神经节瘤(head and neck paraganglioma,HNPGL)的病理特征、分子机制和肿瘤微环境,重点关注了假性缺氧簇相关的HNPGL.研究表明,假性缺氧簇相关的HNPGL主要涉及多个基因突变,如SDHx和VHL/EPAS1等,这些突变会影响HIF蛋白的稳定性和活性,加剧肿瘤的发展.与此同时,本文还分析了 HNPGL中HIF-1α和HIF-2α的表达模式,发现HIF激活的差异可能对特定亚型的治疗反应产生影响.此外,文中还探讨了 HNPGL的肿瘤微环境,发现免疫细胞如巨噬细胞、CD4+T和CD8+T细胞在肿瘤中起着重要作用,免疫微环境的异质性也会影响治疗方法的选择和反应性.通过综合分析,这些发现不仅有助于深入理解HNPGL的发病机制和发展过程,也为未来针对特定亚型的个性化治疗提供了线索.
Advance in HIF expression and immune microenvironment in pseudohypoxic HNPGL
This article systematically reviewed the pathological features,molecular mechanisms,and tumor microenvironment of head and neck paraganglioma(HNPGL),with a focus on pseudohypoxic HNPGL.It was demonstrated that pseudohypoxic HNPGL mainly involves multiple gene mutations,such as SDHx and VHL/EPAS1,which affect the stability and activity of HIF protein and exacerbate the development of the tumor.Meanwhile,the paper also analyzed the expression patterns of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in HNPGL,and found that differences in HIF activation may have an impact on the therapeutic response of specific subtypes.In addition,the paper explored the tumor microenvironment of HNPGL and found that immune cells such as macrophages,CD4+T cells,and CD8+T cells play an important role in the tumor,and the heterogeneity of the immune microenviron-ment also affects the choice of therapeutic approaches and responsiveness.Through comprehensive analysis,these findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis and developmental process of HNPGL,but also provide clues for future personalized treatments for specific subtypes.
paragangliomahead and neck paragangliomahypoxia-inducible factortumor immune environ-ment
NETL
NSTL
万方数据
