An estimated one third of depressed patients are diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression(TRD).TRD is characterized by failing to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant therapies,resulting in severe psychological burden to the patients'individuals and families.Recent advances in minimally invasive or noninvasive surgical methods have made it possible to treat TRD surgically.This paper discusses the progress of deep brain stimulation,transcranial direct current stimulation,vagal nerve stimulation,gamma knife,magnetic resonance guided high intensity focused ultrasound in treating TRD,in order to provide new ideas for clinical treatment.
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