Heart failure is a significant component of chronic disease management in primary hospitals in Chi-na.Timely treatment of its etiology and comorbidities can improve patient outcomes.This article updates the management of common causes and comorbidities of heart failure in primary hospitals based on the recent progress in the treatment of heart failure,including cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases.It also offers expert recommendations for timely referral to higher-level hospitals,thereby guiding primary care physicians in their clin-ical practice.
heart failureprimary hospitaletiology and comorbiditiestreatmentreferral
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