The Combined Toxic Effects of Micro(nano)plastics and Antibiotics to Aquatic Animals
Widely distributed micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems and organisms can be combined through a variety of interaction mechanisms.The combined toxic effects of micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics have become one of the hotspots currently.In this study,the ecotoxicity of the two pollutants was summarized by focusing on the tissue and nerve damage,metabolism,detoxification,intestinal microbiome,and potential long-term impacts.The antibiotics bioaccumulation factors were clarified by analyzing the exposure time,concentration,the adsorption/desorption of micro(nano)plastics to antibiotics,the retention and depuration time,as well as the pollutants characteristics and their degradation contents.The combined exposure induces synergistic effects by disturbing the homeostasis and the process of detoxification and metabolism,altering the immune defense performance while the reduction of the antibiotics bioaccumulation and the alleviation of the neurotoxicity links with antagonistic effects.However,the antagonistic/synergistic effects which regulated by the mode of exposure and the types of micro(nano)plastics and/or antibiotics may not be consistent.There are still cognitive limitations in understanding the combined toxic effects of micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics.In the future,the research of the combined toxic effects and degradation mechanisms of micro(nano)plastics and antibiotics are still needed to be optimized by using the simulation of natural habitats,the in situ cultivation methods and other cutting-edge ways.
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