On Benevolence and Benevolent Action in The"Biaoj i"Chapter by Zisi
The"Biaoj i"Chapter,often attributed to Zisi,builds upon Confucius'discussion of benevolence in The Analects and delves deeper into topics such as the implications of benevolence and the relationship between benevolence and benevolent action.Firstly,through an examination of three different motivations for moral actions,The"Biaoji"Chapter traces the origin of benevolence to one's inner emotions.Secondly,it highlights the two aspects of benevolence as a principle and a tool,effectively distinguishing benevolence from its practical application.This analysis reflects an embryonic use of the essence-function theory in understanding benevolence and underscores its ontological and prioritized nature.Thirdly,this work also explored the practical applications of benevolence at both individual and governance levels,emphasizing the utilitarian value of benevolent action.It not only affirmed the importance of moral actions but also provided governors with pragmatic insights on implementing benevolence within their societies.Notably,these ideas presented align with similar insights found in other Zisi's works such as The Doctrine of the Mean and Wuxing,thereby showcasing the distinctiveness of Zisi's discourse on benevolence.
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