During the Kangxi period,to expand the military strength and address the livelihood issues of the Manchu and Mongolian Bannermen,the Qing Emperor ordered the surplus Bannermen to be organized into more than 400 niru.This measure helped alleviate the shortage of troops in the capital caused by wars and the relocation of garrisons.However,it did not solve the underlying issue of poverty,as the Qing court did not grant the Bannermen the freedom to choose their occupations.Additionally,the proliferation of hereditary surplus niru created more opportunities for the Bannermen clans'taking up an official post and indirectly contributed to the refinement of niru succession rules.The integration of soldiers from other ethnic groups into the Manchu Bannermen further facilitated the consolidation of the Manchu community.
superfluous niruthe organization of nirulivelihood of Bannermenniru succession rules
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