The coal mining was prevalent in the Qing Dynasty,and differences existed between the modes of coal mining in the north and in the south.In the north,miners usually searched for coal mines and dug coal directly,while in the south,it was more common to rent mountains for coal mining,which also served as the development of mountain areas and to a certain extent changed the ecological environment of the rented mountains.The coal miners or mine workers in the north were mostly young and single men from poor families who engaged in arduous coal mining work.The landlords who rented out coal mines in the south,such as two cases in Jiangxi,were graduates of the imperial examination and should have had a certain economic strength to support their activities,and they seemed to be from better-off families.Coal miners in Sichuan faced more difficulties in making a living.The excavated coal needed to be transported and sold,and some people engaged in the livelihood of carrying and selling coal.There were cases of coal shops operating in both urban and rural areas,and coal was used as fuel in restaurants as well as for cooking and heating in households.The people in the middle of the Qing Dynasty relied on coal for their livelihood,which was partly due to the relatively flexible policies of the government and also the pressure of self-survival.
middle of Qing Dynastycoalpeopledaily lifeemployment relations
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