On the Intellectual Opportunities for the Modern Revival of Lu-Wang School of Mind-and-Heart
During the Ming and Qing transition,views such as the"Critique of Wang Yangming's Philosophy as Rampant Zen"and the"Theory of Wang's Philosophy Leading to Dynastic Demise"were widely circulated,sparking a strong wave of criticism against the Lu-Wang School of Mind-and-Heart.By the mid-Qing period,following figures like Li Fu,terms such as"Wang's Philosophy""Lu-Wang School"and"School of Mind-and-Heart"gradually fell into obscurity in negative or derogatory contexts.It was not until the late Qing period,under the revival of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism,that the Lu-Wang School regained attention and discussion.The rise of"Buddhism for Practical Affairs"in modem times broke the strict boundaries between Confucianism and Buddhism,allowing the Lu-Wang School to shed the ideological burden of the"Critique of Wang Yangming's Philosophy as Rampant Zen".It was no longer criticized for similarities with Buddhist expressions and views.In the late Qing period,many intellectuals traveled to Japan,where they were deeply influenced by the"Japanese Yangming Study"movement and accepted the view that"Yangming Study was a driving force behind the Meiji Restoration".They argued that Yangming Study was key to Japan's national development and prosperity.This further liberated the Lu-Wang School from the ideological shackles of the"Theory of Wang's Philosophy Leading to Dynastic Demise",no longer regarded as empty,impractical,or a philosophy of dynastic failure.These developments cleared the intellectual barriers for the robust revival of the Lu-Wang School of Mind-and-Heart in later times.
Lu-Wang School of Mind-and-Heartpractical BuddhismYangming SchoolJapanLiang Qichao
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