Military Advisors in the Late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period
A"military advisor"(军师)was a civilian official responsible for advising monarchs and commanders on military affairs.In the Zhou Dynasty(1046-256 BCE),such individuals were respectfully referred to as"shi"(advisors),and the title of military advisor emerged during the transition period from the Western Han Dynasty(206 BCE-9 CE)to the Eastern Han Dynasty(25-220 CE).During the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period,Cao Cao's first military advisor was Zhou Yu(周㬂),to be followed by Xun You(荀攸),who accompanied Cao Cao in campaigns across the Central Plains and achieved numerous military successes.After Cao Cao was enfeoffed as the Duke of Wei,he established various military advisory roles,including Central Military Advisors,Front Military Advisors,and Left and Right Military Advisors.From the reign of Emperor Wen(202-157 BCE)onward,military advisors were also appointed under central and frontier commanders,participating in military affairs and representing the court to supervise commanding generals.In the Kingdom of Shu Han(220-280 CE),Liu Bei successively appointed Zhuge Liang as Military Advisor General of the Household and Military Advisor General,granting him authority over military forces.After Zhuge Liang assumed political leadership,he created honorary titles such as Front Military Advisors and Central Military Advisors,though these roles gradually fell into disuse after his death.In contrast,the Kingdom of Sun Wu(229-280 CE)rarely appointed military advisors,and when it did,the roles were purely honorary with no significant influence on military decision-making.The nominal or defunct roles of military advisors in the Kingdom of Shu Han and the Kingdom of Sun Wu were closely tied to their lack of talented personnel.
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