Research progress of mitochondrial DNA and cGAS-STING pathway in antibacterial and an-tiviral immunity
Mitochondria contribute to the process of resistance against bacterial and viral infections in addition to generating ATP to provide energy to eukaryotes.Damage to mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)can occur when specific stimuli associated with bacte-rial or viral infections are present.A multitude of processes,such as the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein,mitochondrial per-meability transition pore-mediated,type Ⅶ secretion system,and loss of mitochondrial transcription factor A proteins,can lead to the release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm,and can consequently activate many DNA receptor pathways,such as GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS),DEAD-box helicase 41,NOD-like receptor protein 3,and Toll-like receptor 9.Among them,cGAS plays a crucial role in preventing pathogenic microbial infections by activating the STING-dependent signaling cascade of interferon-stimulated genes and indu-cing the expression of inflammatory proteins like interferon type-I,tumor necrosis factor-alpha,interleukin-6,after catalyzing the sec-ond messenger cyclic GMP-AMP.We review the progress made in studying the mtDNA-cGAS-STING pathway in antiviral and anti-bacterial immunity in this paper.This pathway not only helps to better understand the interactions between mitochondria and the host immune system,but also paves the way for the development of novel antimicrobial drugs that target and kill bacterial viruses.
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