Polymers play a vital role in the oil and gas industry,particularly in hydraulic fracturing processes.Guar gum and its derivatives,polyacrylamide,and cellulose-based polymers are commonly utilized in these operations.However,the accumulation of polymers at fracture faces and the formation of filter cakes after fracturing can lead to reservoir blockages and hinder oil and gas production.Although acids and chemical oxidizers are typically employed as"gel breakers"to degrade polymer filter cakes,their use can result in infrastructure corrosion and formation damage.In contrast,the use of polymer-degrading enzymes as gel breakers offers a more environmentally friendly and appealing alternative.Currently,enzyme breakers for guar gum have been successfully applied in oilfield operations.However,further research and development are required to develop enzyme breakers that effectively target other polymers used in hydraulic fracturing.This article provides a comprehensive review of the biodegradation mechanisms and degradation enzymes associated with guar gum,polyacrylamide(PAM),and carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)polymers.Additionally,it discusses the advantages and challenges associated with the development and application of enzyme breakers in this context.
关键词
聚合物/生物降解/聚丙烯酰胺/瓜尔胶/羧甲基纤维素/水基压裂液/酶破胶剂
Key words
polymer/biodegradation/polyacrylamide(PAM)/guar/carboxymethylcellulose(CMC)/hydraulic fracturing fluid/enzymatic gel breakers
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