Biologic contaminants can multiply on their own and cause long-term systemic damages.However,not all biological contamination is biological.Strictly speaking,only genetic modifications of a hereditary nature,whether it is transgenesis or gene editing,can lead to biological contamination.Even for non-heritable genetic modifications(such as genetically modified crops that are not reproductive),in view of potentially unpredictable and unintended effects,prudent management strategies should be adopted based on case-by-case analyses and timely feedback and adjustments.For heritable genetic modification,just like the management of biological invasions,practices for non-basic needs(including genetically modified crops for reproduction)should be strictly prohibited to achieve the management objective of"zero emissions".A genetic modification(even if it is hereditary)may be considered as a modification for basic needs and therefore potentially defensible in cases where the modification saves the life of the diseased person and where there is no treatment or palliative alternative to the modification,and where it is guaranteed that the operation will not result in an accident(leading to a new injury).In reality,however,there are very few cases where all three prerequisites can be met at the same time.Therefore,in the case of biological contamination,the management strategies of"zero emissions"have universal significance.In the case of biological contamination,where the extension of stakeholders is unlimited due to its characteristics,in practice,no expert has decision-making power,nor does any"legal person"have full autonomy.Instead,it should be left to an international organization for arbitration,with due reference to the views of the"non-professional"public.
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