Protein oxidative damage in Eisenia fetida exposed to glufosinate ammonium-polluted soils
To evaluate the potential risk of glufosinate-ammonium(GLA)application in soil ecological environment,exogenously GLA-contaminated soils(0,10,20,40,80 mg∙kg-1)were prepared,followed by indoor aging for 3 months.Eisenia fetida were cultured in the polluted soils for 30 days to investigate oxidatively damaged proteins and related detoxification mechanisms in the earthworms.In comparison to the blank,activities in isozymes of NADPH oxidases and catalases and synthesis of reduced glutathione were markedly upregulated in the earthworms in treatments with 20 mg∙kg-1 and 40 mg∙kg-1 GLA in the soils.When the concentration was increased up to 80 mg∙kg-1,activities of isozymes of superoxide dismutase,ascorbate peroxidase,and guaiacol peroxidase in the earthworms were significantly elevated,whereas the synthesis of HSP70 was distinctly inhibited and weights of the earthworms decreased.Immunoblotting showed that carbonylated proteins were generated in the earthworms exposed to 10-40 mg∙kg-1 GLA in the soils,activating potential detoxification mechanisms.In general,the abundance of ubiquitin and 20S proteasome tended to increase with the increase in GLA concentration in the soils.Moreover,the activities of 20S proteasome,total protease,and endopeptidase isozymes,as well as glutathione S-transferase(GST),were significantly enhanced in response to 40-80 mg∙kg-1 GLA in the soils(P＜0.05).The GLA-contaminated soils,thus,caused oxidative damage of proteins in the earthworms.The ubiquitin-20S proteasome,endopeptidase isozymes,total protease,and GST are the important detoxification mechanisms in earthworms exposed to GLA-polluted soils.
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