The Rise of Populism in Green Politics and the Greening of Populism:An Ex-amination of Environmental Populism in Europe
Faced with the failures of neoliberalism and the challenges brought about by environmental issues,green politics finds itself at the intersection between populism and environmental-ism.The integration of environmental concerns into the populist agenda has become a new form and approach within European green politics.This article defines environmental popu-lism as the incorporation of green ideas and related behaviors into the populist thoughts and categorizes it into five ideological subtypes,namely the far-left,left,center,right and far-right.By analyzing the strategies employed by environmental populists in taking advan-tage of the party competition and leveraging the potential structural opportunities within the political party system,it is found that the rise of populism in green politics and the greening of populism have emerged at the left and right ends of the political spectrum.This article proposes that environmental populism exhibits an ego-centered characteristic.While envi-ronmental populism have brought about challenges such as reinforced nationalism,divisions and contradictions within green politics and an offset of the related governance mechanisms,it offers opportunities for political and cognitive rectification in environmental democracy,a re-measuring of the people's ecological belonging value and green cohesive force beyond mere"identity".The combination of populism with environmentalism embodies an open-ended exploration of eco-socialism and eco-modernization.
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