Northeast-China Observatory and Research Station of Permafrost Geological Environment(Ministry of Education),School of Civil Engineering,Institute of Cold Region Science and Technology,Northeast Forestry University,Harbin,150040,China
State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou,730000,China
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks,Fairbanks, 99775, USA
This work was financially supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Strategic Priority Research Pro-gramMinistry of Science and Technology of China Key R&D Programand the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of Chinaand the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China##