From"Physical Internationalization"to"Virtual Internationalization":Paradigm Shifts of Higher Education Internationalization
The internationalization of higher education has experienced several paradigm shifts throughout its history.Drawing on Thomas Kuhn's paradigm theory,these shifts have progressed through four stages:pre-science,normal science,anomaly and crisis,and scientific revolution.These stages correspond to the eras of informal and spontaneous internationalization,physical internationaliza-tion,new forms of localized internationalization,and the emerging dominance of virtual internationali-zation.In the post-pandemic era,as higher education enters the stage of the scientific revolution,it is influenced by the extensive integration of digital and information communication technologies and new global trends.This shift is redefining the internationalization paradigm's values,frameworks,and ex-emplars.Virtual internationalization emphasizes the synergy between internationalization and digital transformation in higher education,the elimination of physical boundaries in transnational and domestic contexts,and the reconstruction of certainty in an uncertain era.It shows significant potential to be-come the new paradigm in the internationalization of higher education.
virtual internationalizationphysical internationalizationinternationalization of higher educationparadigm transformation
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