The Archival Documents Present Discussions in the Early Qing Period Regarding the Establishment of Tusi in Tai wan,China
From the twenty-second year of Kangxi(1683)to the ninth year of Qianlong(1744),a period of over sixty years after the Qing Dynasty unified Taiwan,officials from Fujian and Taiwan proposed five times to establish a Tusi system in Taiwan's"Fan society",modeled after the system implemented in the southwestern ethnic areas.The first three attempts were informal discussions,while the fourth was a request by Xu Liangbin,the commander of Nan'ao Town,directly submitted to the emperor but remained unresolved,without being included in the Qing government's decision-making process.In the 9th year of Qianlong's reign,Fujian governor Gao Shan proposed establishing Tusi among the"Shu Fan"in Taiwan.This proposal underwent nearly a year of deliberations,including approval from the Ministry of Revenue and Qianlong's consent,followed by opposition from Governor-General Ma Erta and others,eventually leading to its rejection.This discussion concluded the matter,and there were no further mentions of establishing Tusi in Taiwan thereafter.This paper aims at clarify this historical process through archival documents,examine the development of the Tusi system after the bureaucratization of native officers in the southwestern frontier during the Yongzheng reign,and assess the positive significance and special historical values of Gao Shan's proposal,considering the establishment of"official's Tusi"in the"Fan society"of northwest Sichuan during the same period.
early Qing periodTaiwan"Fan society"Tusi officialsinformal discussions
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