摘要
电子束选区熔化增材制造技术具有高能量密度、低反射率、高效率、高致密和低残余应力的特点,在高真空氛围下成形可以防止金属材料被氧化,特别适合活泼、难熔和脆性大的高性能复杂金属材料零件的精密成形制造.然而,电子束增材制造金属材料往往面临工艺参数难调控,成形零件存在孔隙、裂纹缺陷以及低致密度、元素蒸发、力学性能不足等问题.因此,开展电子束增材制造工艺-成形性-组织-性能的关系及其内在机制的研究具有重要意义.本文对采用电子束选区熔化成形技术在制备合金钢、钛及高温合金、铝合金和高熵合金的工艺参数调控及优化、微观组织演变和力学性能进行了综述,最后对电子束增材金属材料的热点和发展方向进行了展望.
Abstract
Electron beam selective melting additive manufacturing technology has the characteristics of high energy density,low reflection rate,high efficiency,high density and low residual stress.Forming in a high vacuum atmosphere can prevent metal materials from being oxidized,and it is especially suitable for the precision forming of high-performance complex metal material parts with high activity,refractory and brittleness.However,the electron beam additive manufacturing of metal materials often faces problems such as difficult control of process parameters,pore,crack defects in formed parts,low density,element evaporation and insufficient mechanical properties.Therefore,it is necessary to explore and study the relationship between electron beam additive manufacturing process-formability-structure-performance and its internal mechanism.The regulation and optimization of process parameters,microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of alloy steel,titanium and superalloy,aluminum alloy and high entropy alloy prepared by electron beam selective melting forming technology were briefly reviewed.Finally,the future research hotspots and development directions of the electron beam additive metal materials were prospected.
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