The classical rhetoric of"speaking truthfully and speaking well"gradually evolved into a rhetoric science focused solely on"speaking well"after Aristotle.Recognizing the decline of classical rhetoric,rhetorician Giovanni Battista Vico restored its truth orientation,cyclical structure,and rhetorical rules by defending the"second truth"through the topical method,which leads to the"first truth".This approach highlighted the shortcomings of the purely formal critical method of deduction and analysis.Furthermore,Vico reshaped the logical progression from the topical method to the critical method using poetic logic,establishing a common sense(sensus communis)that serves as a premise for philosophical hermeneutics.Thus,the topical method revived the inherent judgmental authority of classical rhetoric over probabilistic matters,uncovering the truth elements embedded in classical rhetoric for the spirit sciences constrained by the critical method,and strengthening the kinship between rhetoric and hermeneutics in the dimension of truth.Vico's discovery of this path back to the classical rhetoric tradition also suggests a secret route to the truth of philosophical hermeneutics and its"question-and-answer logic".
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