Study on the Differential Characteristics of Physical Fitness Levels and Working Memory Processing in Toddlers:Evidence from fNIRS
Objective:To explore the neural correlations between physical fitness development levels and working memory processing in early childhood,providing a basis for promoting physical fitness and cognitive development in early children.Methods:A total of 98 preschool children aged 4-6 years were selected.The physical fitness development levels of the children were assessed according to the"National Physical Fitness Measurement Standards Manual(Preschool Children Section)."Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy(fNIRS)was used to monitor hemodynamic signals in the prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks.A mixed experimental design of 4(physical health:excellent,good,fair,poor)× 2(memory difficulty:low,high)was used to investigate the behavioral and prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin concentration differences during working memory tasks in relation to physical fitness levels.Results:1)Under low memory difficulty conditions,the excellent physical fitness group showed significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(R-DLPFC)compared to the good group;significantly higher concentrations in the R-DLPFC,right triangular part of Broca's area(R-PTBA),right frontal pole area(R-FPA),and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(L-DLPFC)compared to the fair group;and significantly higher concentrations in the L-DLPFC compared to the poor group;2)Under high memory difficulty conditions,the excellent group had significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the R-DLPFC compared to the good group;significantly higher concentrations in the R-DLPFC,R-PTB A,R-FPA,and L-DLPFC compared to both the fair and poor groups.The good group had significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the L-DLPFC and R-PTBA compared to the fair group,and significantly higher concentrations in the R-DLPFC,R-PTBA,R-FPA,and L-DLPFC compared to the poor group.The fair group had significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the R-DLPFC,R-FPA,and L-DLPFC compared to the poor group;3)In the excellent and good groups,the oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the R-DLPFC,R-PTBA,R-FPA,and L-DLPFC were significantly higher during high memory difficulty compared to low memory difficulty;4)In the fair group,the concentrations in the R-FPA and L-DLPFC were significantly higher during high memory difficulty compared to low memory difficulty;5)In the poor group,the concentration in the R-PTBA was significantly higher during high memory difficulty compared to low memory difficulty.Conclusion:There is a close relationship between the physical fitness development levels and working memory among children in their early age,manifested as higher physical fitness development levels being associated with greater activation of the prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks.
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